
Carl C. Icahn has been the principal beneficial shareholder of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and has served as Chairman of the board and as a director and the owner of our general partner, Icahn Enterprises G.P., since 1990. Mr. Icahn heads our investment management segment, serving as Chief Executive Officer of Icahn Capital LP and its subsidiaries.
Mr. Icahn also serves as Chairman of the board and a director of Starfire Holding Corporation, a privately held holding company, and served in the past as Chairman of the board and President of Icahn & Co., Inc. a registered broker-dealer and a member of the National Association of Securities Dealers. Mr. Icahn serves on the boards of directors of companies in several of our other operating segments including Chairman of the board of CVR Refining GP, LLC, the general partner of CVR Refining, LP, an independent downstream energy limited partnership, since January 2013; Chairman of the board of CVR Energy, Inc., (one of our majority-owned subsidiaries constituting our Energy Segment), a diversified holding company primarily engaged in the petroleum refining and nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing industries, since June 2012; Chairman of the board of Tropicana Entertainment Inc., (one of our majority-owned subsidiaries constituting our Gaming Segment), a company that is primarily engaged in the business of owning and operating casinos and resorts, since March 2010; a director of Federal−Mogul Corporation, (one of our majority-owned subsidiaries constituting our Automotive Segment), a supplier of automotive powertrain and safety components, since December 2007, and the non-executive Chairman of the board of Federal-Mogul since January 2008; President and a member of the executive committee of XO Holdings, a competitive provider of telecom services, since September 2011, and Chairman of the board and a director of its predecessors since January 2003; and Chairman of the board and a director of American Railcar Industries, Inc., (one of our majority-owned subsidiaries constituting our Railcar Segment), a railcar manufacturing company, since 1994. Mr. Icahn was previously: a director of WestPoint Home LLC, (a wholly owned subsidiaries constituting our Home Fashion Segment), a home textiles manufacturer, from October 2005 until December 2011; a director of Cadus Corporation, a company engaged in the ownership and licensing of yeast-based drug discovery technologies, from July 1993 to July 2010; a director of Blockbuster Inc., a provider of in-home movie rental and game entertainment, from May 2005 to January 2010; a director of Motricity Inc., a mobile data services provider, from April 2008 to January 2010; a director of Yahoo! Inc., a company that provides Internet services to users, advertisers, publishers and developers worldwide, from August 2008 to October 2009; a director of WCI Communities, Inc., a homebuilding company, from August 2007 to September 2009, and was Chairman of the board of WCI from September 2007 to September 2009; a director of ImClone Systems Incorporated, a biopharmaceutical company, from September 2006 to November 2008, and was Chairman of the board of ImClone from October 2006 to November 2008; Chairman of the board of GB Holdings, Inc., (one of our majority-owned subsidiaries), which owned an interest in Atlantic Coast Holdings, Inc., the former owner and operator of The Sands Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City, from September 2000 to February 2007; Chairman of the board and president of Icahn & Co., Inc., a registered broker-dealer and a member of the National Association of Securities Dealers, from 1968 to 2005; and the president and a director of Stratosphere Corporation, the owner and operator of the Stratosphere Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, which, until February 2008, was a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises, from October 1998 to May 2004. Mr. Icahn received his B.A. from Princeton University.
Mr. Icahn brings to his role as the Chairman of the Board his significant business experience and leadership role as director in various companies including certain of our subsidiaries. In addition, Mr. Icahn is uniquely qualified based on his historical background for creating value in companies across multiple industries. Mr. Icahn has proven to be a successful investor over the past 40 years.
SungHwan Cho has served as Chief Financial Officer of of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and its general partner, Icahn Enterprises G.P., Inc., since March 2012, and as a director since September 2012. Prior to this time, he was Senior Vice President and previously Portfolio Company Associate at Icahn Enterprises L.P. since October 2006. From 2004 to 2006, Mr. Cho served as Director of Finance for Atari, Inc., a publisher of interactive entertainment products. From 1999 to 2002, Mr. Cho served as Director of Corporate Development and Director of Product Development at Talk America, a telecommunications provider to small business and residential customers. From 1996 to 1999, he was an investment banker at Salomon Smith Barney in New York and Tokyo. Mr. Cho received a B.S. in Computer Science from Stanford University and an MBA from New York University, Stern School of Business.
Mr. Cho has been a director of: CVR Refining GP, LLC, the general partner of CVR Refining, LP, a diversified holding company primarily engaged in the petroleum refining and nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing industries, since January 2013; CVR Energy, Inc., an independent petroleum refiner and marketer of high value transportation fuels, since May 2012; CVR GP, LLC, the general partner of CVR Partners LP, a nitrogen fertilizer company,, since May 2012; Federal-Mogul Corporation, a supplier of automotive powertrain and safety components, since May 2012; XO Holdings, a competitive provider of telecom services, since August 2011; American Railcar Industries, Inc., a railcar manufacturing company, since June 2011; Take-Two Interactive Software Inc., a publisher of interactive entertainment products, since April 2010; WestPoint Home LLC, a home textiles manufacturer, since January 2008; PSC Metals Inc., a metal recycling company, since December 2006; and Viskase Companies, Inc., a meat casing company, since November 2006. CVR Energy, CVR Partners, CVR Refining, Federal-Mogul, XO Holdings, American Railcar Industries, WestPoint Home, PSC Metals and Viskase Companies each are indirectly controlled by Carl C. Icahn. Mr. Icahn also has a non-controlling interest in Take-Two Interactive Software through the ownership of securities.
Mr. Cho brings to his service as a director his significant experience and leadership role as director of various companies as discussed above. In particular, his service the as Chief Financial Officer of Icahn Enterprises enables him to understand the complex business and financial issues that we may face.
Keith Cozza has served as an Executive Vice President of Icahn Enterprises G.P., Inc. the Company's general partner, since February 2013, and as a director since September 2012. Mr. Cozza has served as the Chief Operating Officer of Icahn Capital, a wholly owned subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises, since February 2013.
Mr. Cozza is currently the Chief Financial Officer of Icahn Associates Holding LLC, a position he has held since 2006. Mr. Cozza served as Controller at Icahn Associates Holding LLC from 2004 to 2006. Prior to that Mr. Cozza was a senior assurance associate at Grant Thornton LLP. Mr. Cozza has served as director of CVR Refining GP, LLC, the general partner of CVR Refining, LP, an independent downstream energy limited partnership, since January 2013. Since August 2011, Mr. Cozza has been a member of the Executive Committee of XO Holdings, a telecommunications company. Mr. Cozza was a member of the board of directors of MGM Holdings Inc., an entertainment company focused on the production and distribution of film and television content, from April 2012 to August 2012. Mr. Cozza holds a B.S. in Accounting from the University of Dayton. CVR Refining and XO Holdings is indirectly controlled by Carl C. Icahn. Mr. Icahn also previously had a non-controlling interest in MGM Holdings through the ownership of securities.
Mr. Cozza brings to his service as a director his significant experience and leadership role as director of various companies as discussed above. In particular, his experience as the Chief Financial Officer of Icahn Associates Holding LLC enables him to understand the complex business and financial issues that we may face.
William A. Leidesdorf has served as a director and member of the audit committee of Icahn Enterprises G.P., Inc. the Company's general partner, since March 1991. From December 2003 to March 2013, Mr. Leidesdorf served as a director and member of the audit committee of American Entertainment Properties Corp., or AEP. From May 2005 until November 2007, Mr. Leidesdorf served as a director and member of the audit committee of Atlantic Coast Entertainment Holdings, Inc.
Mr. Leidesdorf was a director of Renco Steel Group, Inc. and was a director, during its bankruptcy, of its subsidiary, WCI Steel, Inc., a steel producer which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in September 2003. From 1996 through 2002, Mr. Leidesdorf was a director of the Simpson Housing Limited Partnership, a privately held real estate investment trust. Since October 2008, Mr. Leidesdorf has been the owner and managing director of Renaissance Hamptons Mayfair, LLC, a company primarily engaged in acquiring multifamily residential properties. Previously, from June 1997 through October 2008, Mr. Leidesdorf was an owner and a managing director of Renaissance Housing, LLC, a company primarily engaged in the acquisition of multifamily housing, many of which were subject to various federal and state regulatory requirements. From April 1995 through December 1997, Mr. Leidesdorf acted as an independent real estate investment banker. Mr. Leidesdorf is also a principal in Bedrock Investment Management Group, LLC, a company engaged in the acquisition of troubled residential subdivisions.
Mr. Leidesdorf brings to his service as a director his significant business experience and leadership role as a director in various companies including certain of our subsidiaries. In addition, Mr. Leidesdorf is the owner and managing director of Renaissance Hampton Mayfair LLC which experience has enabled him to understand the business and financial issues that companies may face. Mr. Leidesdorf has also had experience with large-scale real estate workouts and has been responsible for managing real estate portfolios for a number of institutions, including responsibility for audits and compliance with various federal and state regulatory authorities.
James L. Nelson has served as a director and member of the audit committee of Icahn Enterprises G.P., Inc. the Company's general partner, since June 2001. Mr. Nelson has served as a director and member of the audit committee of several of our operating segments including Tropicana Entertainment Inc. since March 2010, Viskase Companies, Inc. from April 2003 through April 2010, American Entertainment Properties Corp. from May 2005 until November 2007, and Atlantic Coast Entertainment Holdings, Inc. from May 2005 until November 2007.
Mr. Nelson was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Eaglescliff Corporation, a specialty investment banking, consulting and wealth management company. From March 1998 through 2003, Mr. Nelson was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Orbit Aviation, Inc., a company engaged in the acquisition and completion of Boeing Business Jets for private and corporate clients. From August 1995 until July 1999, Mr. Nelson was Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of Orbitex Management, Inc., a financial services company in the mutual fund sector. From August 1995 until March 2001, he was on the Board of Orbitex Financial Services Group. From January 2008 through June 2008, Mr. Nelson served as a director and member of the audit committee of Shuffle Master, Inc., a gaming manufacturing company. From March 2008 until March 2010, Mr. Nelson was a director and served on the audit committee of Pacific Energy Resources Ltd., an energy producer. From April 2008 to November 2012, Mr. Nelson served as a director and as Chairman of the audit committee of the board of directors of Cequel Communications, an owner and operator of a large cable television system. Since April 2010, Mr. Nelson has served as a director and member of the audit committee of Take Two Interactive Software, Inc. a publisher, developer, and distributor of video games and video game peripherals, a company in which Mr. Icahn has an interest through the ownership of securities. Since June 2011, Mr. Nelson has served as a director and member of the compensation and strategic alternatives committees of Motricity Inc. (a company in which Mr. Icahn has an interest) and, since January 2012, Chairman of its Board of Directors. Since May 1, 2013, Mr. Nelson has served as a director of Single Touch Systems, Inc., a mobile media solutions provider.
Mr. Nelson brings to his service as a director his significant experience and leadership roles serving as Chief Executive Officer, Director and Chairman of the audit committee of various companies including certain of our subsidiaries.
Daniel A. Ninivaggi has served as President of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and its general partner, Icahn Enterprises GP, since April 2010, as its Chief Executive Officer since August 2010, and as a director since March 2012. Icahn Enterprises is a diversified holding company engaged in a variety of businesses, including investment, automotive, energy, gaming, railcar, food packaging, metals, real estate and home fashion. From 2003 until July 2009, Mr. Ninivaggi served in a variety of executive positions at Lear Corporation, a global supplier of automotive seating and electrical power management systems and components, including as General Counsel from 2003 to 2007, as Senior Vice President from 2004 until 2006, and most recently as Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer from 2006 to 2009. Lear Corporation filed for bankruptcy in July 2009 and emerged in November 2009. Prior to joining Lear Corporation, from 1998 to 2003, Mr. Ninivaggi was a partner with the law firm of Winston & Strawn LLP, specializing in corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate governance. Mr. Ninivaggi also served as Of Counsel to Winston & Strawn LLP from July 2009 to March 2010.
Mr. Ninivaggi has been a director of: CVR Refining GP, LLC, the general partner of CVR Refining, LP, an independent downstream energy limited partnership, since January 2013; CVR Energy, Inc., a diversified holding company primarily engaged in the petroleum refining and nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing industries, since May 2012; CVR GP, LLC, the general partner of CVR Partners LP, a nitrogen fertilizer company, since May 2012; Viskase Companies, Inc., a meat casing company, since June 2011; XO Holdings, a competitive provider of telecom services, since August 2010; and Federal-Mogul Corporation, a supplier of automotive powertrain and safety components, since March 2010. From January 2011 to May 2012, Mr. Ninivaggi served as the Interim President and Interim Chief Executive Officer, and since January 2011, he has served as a director, of Tropicana Entertainment Inc., a company that is primarily engaged in the business of owning and operating casinos and resorts. Mr. Ninivaggi was previously a director of: Motorola Mobility Holdings, Inc., a provider of mobile communication devices, video and data delivery solutions, from December 2010 to May 2012; and CIT Group Inc., a bank holding company, from December 2009 to May 2011. CVR Energy, CVR Partners, CVR Refining Viskase Companies, XO Holdings, Federal-Mogul and Tropicana Entertainment are each indirectly controlled by Carl C. Icahn. Mr. Icahn previously had interests in Motorola Mobility and CIT Group through the ownership of securities.
Mr. Ninivaggi brings to his service as a director his significant experience and leadership roles of various companies as discussed above. In particular, his service the as President and Chief Executive Officer of Icahn Enterprises enables him to understand the complex business and financial issues that we may face.
Jack G. Wasserman has served as a director of of Icahn Enterprises L.P. and its general partner, Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., since December 1993 and is Chairman of its audit committee. Since December 2003, Mr. Wasserman has served as a director and Chairman of the audit committee of several of our operating segments including American Entertainment Properties Corp. from December 2003 to March 2013, Atlantic Coast Entertainment Holdings, Inc. from May 2005 to November 2007, the owner and operator of The Sands Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City, which was part of Icahn Enterprises L.P.'s former gaming segment, and National Energy Group, Inc., a natural gas company that was part of our former natural gas segment.
Mr. Wasserman is an attorney and a member of the Bars of New York, Florida and the District of Columbia. From 1966 until 2001, he was a senior partner of Wasserman, Schneider, Babb & Reed, a New York-based law firm, and its predecessors. Since September 2001, Mr. Wasserman has been engaged in the practice of law as a sole practitioner. Since December 1998, Mr. Wasserman has been a director of NEGI. Mr. Wasserman is also a director of Cadus Corporation, a biotechnology company in which Mr. Icahn has a substantial interest. Since March 2004, Mr. Wasserman has been a director of Wendy's, an owner and franchisor of the Wendy's restaurant system. Mr. Wasserman serves as chairman of the ERISA committee and as a member of the audit and compensation committees of Wendy's. He is a current and past director of numerous not-for-profit organizations.
Mr. Wasserman brings to his service as a director his significant experience and leadership roles as a director of various public companies. In addition, Mr. Wasserman practiced law for almost 40 years with the law firm of Wasserman, Schneider, Babb & Reed of which he was a senior partner; the firm concentrated its practice in international trade and related corporate matters, primarily for Fortune 500-type companies operating in a broad range of industries, and he is familiar with financial statements and domestic and trans-border transactions. In 2007, Mr. Wasserman received a professional Certificate in Financial Analysis from New York University.